The And Current Project Management Approaches - 1643 Words

1. Introduction The purposes of managing projects are obtaining specific goals with proper planing, organizing, motivating and controlling of resources. Various methods and studies are being used for achieving the best possible outcomes of projects. However, the status quo shows the drawbacks of current projects management. LPDS is the method known as a excellent means that functions on saving resources, and minimuns the costs of projects. ‘Lean production ’ is named by a MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) research group for making the system firstly generated by the Toyota Motor Corporation more easily to accept in implementing projects (Mahsa, 2013). In this article, the comparisons between LPDS and current project management†¦show more content†¦This is the responsibility of the project manager and team to assign which particular areas will be handled by whom or who fits better for a particular activity. Project Management Processes The process follows the concept of PDCA which is the cycle of plan, do, check and act. The endpoint of this part of cycle becomes the starting point of the next part following the first part. Project Management Process Groups (Principles) There are five major independent groups which sequentially perform during the execution of the project. Base on the PMBOK, the scope of them will be listed below: ï  ¬Initiating Process Group: this group is responsible for defining and authorizing the plan of the project; ï  ¬Planning Process Group: this bunch of people set the objective and scope of the project hereby planning the series of activities to meet the set scope as well as the objective; ï  ¬Executive Process Group: this group focuses on assigning activities to the appropriate lot to carry out the project plan; ï  ¬Monitoring and Controlling Process Group: they monitoring from time to time the progress of the project execution and take necessary actions if needed to go as per the scheduled plan; ï  ¬Closing Process Group: it sequentially ends up the project authorizing the outcome of the project. Process Interaction A project can be phased or divided into phases, the group tends to interact within the phase or cross the phases. The output of one process group impacts the other processes.

Charles Darwins Finches and the Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin is known as the father of evolution. When he was a young man, Darwin set out on a voyage on the HMS Beagle. The ship sailed from England in late December of 1831 with Charles Darwin aboard as the crews naturalist. The voyage was to take the ship around South America with many stops along the way. It was Darwins job to study the local flora and fauna, collecting samples and making observations he could take back to Europe with him of such a diverse and tropical location. The crew made it to South America in a few short months, after a brief stop in the Canary Islands. Darwin spent most of his time on land collecting data. They stayed for more than three years on the continent of South America before venturing on to other locations. The next celebrated stop for the HMS Beagle was the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. Galapagos Islands Charles Darwin and the rest of the HMS Beagle crew spent only five weeks in the Galapagos Islands, but the research performed there and the species Darwin brought back to England were instrumental in the formation of a core part of the original theory of evolution and Darwins ideas on natural selection which he published in his first book . Darwin studied the geology of the region along with giant tortoises that were indigenous to the area. Perhaps the best known of Darwins species he collected while on the Galapagos Islands were what are now called Darwins Finches. In reality, these birds are not really part of the finch family and are thought to probably actually be some sort of blackbird or mockingbird. However, Darwin was not very familiar with birds, so he killed and preserved the specimens to take back to England with him where he could collaborate with an ornithologist. Finches and Evolution The HMS Beagle continued to sail on to as far away lands as New Zealand before returning to England in 1836. It was back in Europe when he enlisted in the help of John Gould, a celebrated ornithologist in England. Gould was surprised to see the differences in the beaks of the birds and identified the 14 different specimens as actual different species - 12 of which were brand new species. He had not seen these species anywhere else before and concluded they were unique to the Galapagos Islands. The other, similar, birds Darwin had brought back from the South American mainland were much more common but different than the new Galapagos species. Charles Darwin did not come up with the Theory of Evolution on this voyage. As a matter of fact, his grandfather Erasmus Darwin had already instilled the idea that species change through time in Charles. However, the Galapagos finches helped Darwin solidify his idea of natural selection. The favorable adaptations of Darwins Finches beaks were selected for over generations until they all branched out to make new species. These birds, although nearly identical in all other ways to mainland finches, had different beaks. Their beaks had adapted to the type of food they ate in order to fill different niches on the Galapagos Islands. Their isolation on the islands over long periods of time made them undergo speciation. Charles Darwin then began to disregard the previous thoughts on evolution put forth by Jean Baptiste Lamarck who claimed species spontaneously generated from nothingness. Darwin wrote about his travels in the book The Voyage of the Beagle and fully explored the information he gained from the Galapagos Finches in his most famous book On the Origin of Species. It was in that publication that he first discussed how species changed over time, including divergent evolution, or adaptive radiation, of the Galapagos finches.

Impact Of Financial Problems On Motivation - 1314 Words

Past studies have shown that the motivation issues experienced in the work place are not necessarily caused by the work environment. In some cases, external factors not related to work environment are the primary reason that so many workers are incapable of performing to the best of their ability. â€Å"People tend to underestimate the importance of external factors and overestimate the importance of internal factors as influences on those behaviors† (Baack, 2012, Ch. 3.1).Through the exploration of how financial problems can affect motivation in employees and how the motivation of these employees can be boosted, a better understanding of performance issues and motivation can be gained. Financial problems are quite common and they contribute a huge percentage of motivational problems found in the work place. In most scenarios, financial difficulties are a result of poor choices made by the individual (Ford, 1992). However, in some instances the financial hardships are a result of situations beyond the control of the individual. Hardships are often the result of the economic climate, or other external situations. Some common financial problems that are experienced by employees include: minimal or no medical insurance, mortgage payments, gambling addictions, lack of savings, and fraud (Shinnick, 2009). Regardless if the hardship is self inflicted or beyond one’s control the effects on motivation in the workplace are still present. Having medical insurance ensures peace of mind thatShow MoreRelatedThe Work For Organisations And With Their Abilities And Skills1651 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve higher levels of output. The employees loses their interest and their working efficiency level gets reduced when they feel that their good work is not noticed and not been appreciated by the management. Similarly some of the employees may need motivation for them to get on track and start using their skills for the benefit of their organisation (Liopis, G., 2012). There is an old saying you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; it will drink only if it’s thirsty-so withRead MoreOrganizational Performance Of The Amc1446 Words   |  6 Pagesarrival of Andy Falender, there were three prominent problems plaguing the organizational performance of the AMC. These problems consisted of: 1) the decentralization of decision making to the local chapters, 2) the financial stability of the organizati on, and 3) the growth of the organization. These problems presented themselves as troublesome for the organization, hindering its ability to perform accordingly. Looking first at the problem of decentralization of the decision making process, theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Real Chicago Millionaire 972 Words   |  4 PagesCited Dreiser, Theodore. Finansist. Erevan: Hayastan, 1967. Print. Finansist is the first novel of American writer T. Dreiser. This book gives an excellent example of a self-motivated person, Frank Cowperwood, who made dizzying career in the financial sphere. The story is based on the biography of real Chicago millionaire Charles Yerkes. The author describes the process of formation of a young man from his childhood to his middle age. The main character is not only gifted but also a hard workingRead MoreCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide solutions that change the current situation. This paper explains the impact of cybercrime on society in different forms such as security, economy, and psychology. Thus giving us a better understanding of cybercrime and its effects. While at the same time giving recommendations to improve the awareness of this issue among people. Keywords—cybercrime, Social Impact, and Different types, causes, prevention, Social Impacts I. INTRODUCTION Now a day’s internet and computer usage are an emerging trendRead MoreIntroduction. In An Organization, There Are Various Factors1598 Words   |  7 Pagesbackgrounds. Some employees have negative attitudes and this creates problems that make it difficult for them to work together. All this will influence the team and sales performance. Some of these problems come from ineffective communication among the employees, cultural differences and a lack of understanding of the values from Americans and Japanese alike and the way they perceive things. This paper presents a motivation plan that intends to address such issues and promote a cohesive work betweenRead MoreThe Counseling Process Is A Dynamic And Progressive Style875 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinct areas that affect the client’s ability to succeed: social, physical health, motivation, and financial. Success is only determine by the ability of the counselor and client to define the goals of counseling and work towa rds those goals collaboratively. My research will focus on gaining insight on how and why these areas make counseling individuals with disabilities rewarding yet challenging. PROBLEM AREAS The counseling process is a dynamic and progressive style or approach to helpingRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation On Creativity, Creative People And Creative Work Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferentiating characteristics is related to the motivation of the workers. Creatives are said to be intrinsically motivated. Ryan and Deci (2000) define intrinsic motivation as doing something due to the appeal and satisfaction that will be gained. Managers from another point of view are known to be more extrinsically motivated meaning the motivation comes from the external reward which will be gained (Ryan and Deci, 2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation contrast each other and this concept can alsoRead MoreThe Overall Impact On Having Motivation At Work1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe overall impact on having motivation at work is ideal for performing to your highest ability Motivation is the â€Å"desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, rol e or subject† (BusinessDictionary.com, 2016). However, there are many incentives to help motivate the employee whether they are financial or non financial, depending on what motivates them the most, whether it be a raise in salary or just a simple bit of praise. During the time of Scientific ManagementRead MoreFinancial Rewards And Incentives Should Be Used1364 Words   |  6 Pages‘Financial rewards and incentives should be used to motivate employees’. Critically evaluate. Employee motivation is considered to be an important component of an organization to accomplish its objectives successfully. Managers use tools like financial as well as non-financial rewards and incentives to increase motivation. While financial rewards are generally considered to be beneficial, non-financial rewards also have an important role to play because of their impact on different types of motivationRead MoreUnit One Assignment : Fraud Basics879 Words   |  4 PagesIroda Yakubova Unit One Assignment: Fraud Basics 1. In my opinion, non-shareable financial need is the most important in causing executives, managers, and employees to commit occupational fraud. The proxies become â€Å"criminals on trust† in the case of they start to have financial difficulties, which they cannot share with nobody. They think that available option to perform completely secret financial fraud and able to give an explanation to their behavior in a given situation, allowing to reconcile

Essay on Violence in the Schools - 1732 Words

The problem we are facing today with violence in the schools is a major concern with communities everywhere. Juvenile homicide is twice as common today as it was in the mid 1980s. It isnt the brain that the kids are born with that has changed in half a generation; what has changed though is the easy access to guns and the glorification of revenge in real life and in entertainment. Crime in and around schools is threatening the well being of students, as well as the staff and surrounding communities. It also affects the learning and student achievements. Violence is found more in public schools rather than Catholic schools. Most Catholic schools have less tolerance and is a better teaching environment. It is said that uniforms†¦show more content†¦People should be able to walk in a school and not have to worry if someone is going to ridicule, attack or shoot them. School administrations are reviewing security and crisis plans, but they are quick to point out there is no one answer to providing a safe school environment. Everyone wants on simple solution, but there is not one. People have to work toward getting and maintaining school safety. No matter how well prepared or how safe anyone thinks a plan is, it will never be 100% fool proof. Someone will always find a way around any plan. Most incidents could and can be prevented by students, parents, teachers, or citizens by sharing information they know with the schools or police. It is a known fact that before a crime occurs, someone (other than the person planning it), knows that the crime is going to happen. But no one comes forward because they think nothing like this could happen in their community or school. Violence can happen anywhere or at anytime. Remember Jonesboro or Columbine, someone knew what the students were planning and did not go to the police or school officials. Schools should pay attention too not only the major threats but also the littlest ones. Schools in Texas cancelled the last two weeks of classes due to repeated bomb threats, but due to parental and community outrage, school officials had to reopen the schools a few days later. Four boys in Michigan were chargedShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence And Schools Violence2781 Words   |  12 PagesSchool violence has become a topic that man y people are engaged in a debate about. It is difficult to make a definitive definition of school violence, because there are so very many components to it. For one thing, we can be sure that school violence and bullying is something that only takes place amongst peers; this type of violence typically does not involve adults, and happens as a result of interactions from school or within the peer group. This part of the definition seems obvious. However,Read MoreSchool Violence1125 Words   |  5 PagesFinding a Solution to School Violence Anita Lopez Kaplan University CM-220 School is a place where children should go to learn, educate themselves, make lifelong friends and most importantly they should feel safe. The violence in schools has increased over the years and many schools aren’t sure how to handle this growing problem in an appropriate manner. School violence may come in various forms and some of the most common forms of school violence include physical abuses, bullying, brawlRead MoreSchool Violence2444 Words   |  10 PagesSchool Violence Victoria Griffin Fayetteville State University The Importance to Be Aware Of School Violence in Education Today By Victoria Griffin December 1, 2014 Abstract: The importance of knowing about school violence, the cause of school violence, forms of school violence and they ways teacher can prevent school violence was observed. A recent act of school violence is announced and the content of why it is important for teachers to be aware of school violence. School violenceRead MoreSchool Violence2554 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract The socio-cultural and psychological dynamics of school going kids have been changing at a rapid rate in the recent decades in many countries. In most cases children, especially adolescents and young adults are showing increased tendencies of violence and aggression. Researches have shown that these aggressive tendencies which originate from different various different factors have excessively contributed to bullies and violence at schools. These problems are much more common in countries whereRead MoreSchool Violence2187 Words   |  9 PagesSchool Violence Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. School violence is a big problem we are facing now. This has caused many problems among students, families’ faculty of schools and residents of the community. School violence includes gang activity, locker thefts, bullying and intimidation, gun use, assault, and drugs. In my paper I will discuss the reasons why violence in schools exists, describeRead MoreSchool Violence9005 Words   |  37 PagesOpinions about School Violence 5 III. METHODOLOGY 6 3.1. Subjects 6 3.2. Scope 6 3.3. Methods 6 3.3.1. Method of Collecting Information 6 3.3.2. Data Collection Instruments 7 IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 7 4.1. Essence of School Violence 7 4.1.1. The Real Situation of School Violence in Dalat City 7 4.1.2. The Consequence of School Violence 12 4.2. Cause of School Violence 13 4.2.1. Directly Cause. 14 4.2.2. Indirectly Cause 15 4.3. Solution of School Violence 18 4.3.1.Read MoreCollege Violence : School Violence Essay2542 Words   |  11 PagesKristina LoChiatto November, 15th, 2016 Term Paper Violence In America School Violence; Section 1: School violence is on a high rise and it is a terrible thought to process. School violence is happening all over the world each and everyday. School Violence includes violence between school students as well as physical attacks by students on school staff. School violence is happening more often than expected and there needs to be a stop to it. Heightened security and gun control willRead MoreThe Effects Of School Violence On Schools1663 Words   |  7 PagesScenario one: School violence has turned out to be widespread, its impact has greatly affected students, municipal officials, and law enforcement agencies across the region. This particular offense goes unreported and unnoticed in most schools, however, it is the cause of school shootings. Because bullying is something that take place on the school bus, and on school grounds it must be of importance. School bulling attributes to three-quarters of the crime that is committed on innocent bystandersRead MoreEssay on Violence in Schools1490 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in schools is a problem that Americans have had to face at an ever increasing rate. Instead of fistfights, the issues are fatal, like school shootings. Violence is nationally defined as a physical force used to injure, damage or destroy (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1490). In the past decade, students are using more than physical force. They are using deadly weapons to injure or kill their peers and authority figures, and to destroy sc hool property. Safety is considered to be the freedom fromRead MoreViolence in Our Schools1176 Words   |  5 PagesCan Violence in Our School Be Reduced The problem we are facing today with violence in our schools is a major concern with communities all over the world. School violence wears many faces. It can be gang activity, locker thefts, bully and intimidation, gun use, or anything that products a victim. Violence is perpetrated against students, teachers, and staff and ranges from intentional vengeance to accidental killings and bystanders. Can violence in our schools be reduced? If so what do we

Live Fast Die Young free essay sample

Live fast and die young. They say age aint nothing but a number, but in this instance, the they that comprises the clich ©d masses have it right. IVe seen ageism permeate the thought patterns of my brethren and Im here to put an end to it if its not already too late. IVe heard brilliant youth told that theyre too young to know their shit and sage elders marginalized to irrelevancy. IVe known cats in their sixties with their finger on the pulse and eighteen year olds that put the L in lame. Cool comes with no shelf life and it knows no age. Either youVe got it or youre ass out. mfoung and fresh, much like old and wise, are not synonyms. To be youthful is much more a state of mind than a literal tallying of days, weeks, months and years. It is an expression of gratitude for the gift of life and health†a vibrant, idealistic response to the hope that emerges from beyond the horizon with the rising sun of each new morning. We will write a custom essay sample on Live Fast Die Young or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be young, quite simply, is to stay in the game. As IVe been blessed enough to reach the age that my dear father was when he had me, more and more IVe come to understand how precious our days are and how quickly the hourglass grains of sand accumulate How growing old with grace is but a quaint rationalization for the sad excuse of giving up and giving in. Though the mileage has accumulated on my 78 Caddy sedan with the Lamborghini guts, if you want to race, Ill punch the gas and leave you in the dust Just as I did 10 years ago, Just as I will 10 years from now, God willing. Cuz you see, life moves fast, so youVe gotta live fast to keep up. And I pray we will all die young, even if we live to see a hundred.

Human Resource Management in Business Essay Example For Students

Human Resource Management in Business Essay Running Head: Human Resource Management in Business Essay Human Resource Management in Business Sylvan R. Wilcox Warner Southern College Abstract Human Resource Management (HRM) is no longer a personnel office that is simply a record-keeping and maintenance function. Huselid (1995) points out that there is a positive correlation that has developed between HRM as a strategic ally and company performance. HRM research has grown from an atheoretical origin to view organizational activities from an interdisciplinary perspective (Jennings, 1994) that is concerned with a movement toward methodological and theoretical development (Ferris Judge, 1991). This review will look at the different ways HRM plays into the overall scheme of providing an organization with a more sustainable competitive edge. Table of Contents Introduction..4 Background..4 Strategic Human Resource Management.6 Multicultural Knowledge Transfer. .8 HRM in the Public Sector9 Conclusion.11 References..13 Human Resource Management in Business The fast paced area of HRM as seen many new developments in the science and practice of the field over its roughly 80-year history (Ferris et al., 1999). One of the earlier developments in HRM research that still has significance today was, at the time, a theoretical foundation that challenged researchers to design measures to assess the relationship between individual personalities and company personalities (Gilmer, 1960). This field of inquiry led to the research that has come to be known as strategic human resource management (SHRM), a field that attempts to align HRM functions and activities with the strategic goals of the organization (Butler, Ferris, Napier, 1991). Another aspect of this review takes a look at HRM from an international perspective. This viewpoint acknowledges the importance of the global economy, as well as emphasizes the value of the Human Resource (HR) activities that address cross-cultural concerns (Napier, Tibau, Janssens, Pilenzo, 1995). Lastly, the political perspective of HRM presents an opportunity to address those features of public sector HRM practices that have become outdated by contemporary organizational standards (Soni, 2004). Background Human Resource Management is a diverse entity consisting of a variety of activities. Some of these activities include the decision about staffing needs and if hiring employees or contracting with independent sources will fill these needs, recruitment and training of employees, making sure those hired are high performers, dealing with performance and evaluation issues, and ensuring that HR practices comply with various regulations (McNamara, 1999). Additionally, McNamara (1999) points out three other activities that fall within the realm of HRMmanaging the approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records, and personnel policies. Several HRM practices may influence individual performance by providing incentives that bring out appropriate behaviors (Minbaeva et al., 2003). Such incentive systems may include performance-based compensation and the use of internal promotion systems that focus on employee merit and help employees overcome barriers to career growth (Huselid, 1995). Previous research has shown that employees are more motivated when they are informed about the organization. Sharing of information on strategy and company performance tells the employees that they are trusted. Additionally, it is important that employees are kept current on company performance so that they can use the knowledge that resides in the organization to its fullest potential (Pfeffer, 1998). And by factor-analyzing HRM practices, Huselids (1995) influential study of the impact of high performance work practices points out the importance of HRM as it relates to organizational turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Without HRM practices in place, organizations are likely to suffer in the three areas described above. The importance of HRM as a business function is exemplified in Huselids (1995) view that HRM practices influence employees skills and competencies through the acquisition and development of a businesss human capital. Because HRM is such a fast-changing study it seems appropriate here to explain the alternative terminology that is starting to make the scene. Ellasaurus Product EssayIn response to these deficiencies the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has taken steps to improve the skills of human resources professionals so that they can be prepared to take a strategic role in agency management. The OPM Director James in addressing this issue states, We are hoping to elevate the entire profession, advise agencies on the kind of training and skills that the human resources professionals need and urge every agency to have their HR professionals at the table when they are developing their strategic plans and goals for the next several years (MSPB, 2002). ConclusionThe field of Human Resource Management is an ever-changing study of activities undertaken by organizations in an effort to gain the competitive advantage over other firms. It has become clear that in truly progressive organizations in the future, HRM will not be merely viewed as a set of policies and practices, nor will it be defined as just a department or function. Instead, in such effective organizations, HRM will be a mentality or way of thinking. It will have to be an extensive entity in the organization and integral to all of its decisions and actions. Organizations will have to make the choice to expend capital in order to have the diversity offered by HRM. Smaller firms will need to incorporate some form of HRM if they hope to remain, or become, competitive with other similarly sized organizations. The public sector will have to build and maintain a strong HRM body so that declines of the past are not realized today. They must also offer something to potential recru its that will be enticing enough to draw good stock from the workforce pool. And regardless of how contemporary an organization believes they have become in the field of HRM, it would behoove them not to become lax in their diligence to stay on top of the competition. New theories and models are being tested with greater frequency in order to further the field of study and maintain, or gain, the competitive advantage. ReferencesBarney, J. 1995. Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 9, 49-81. Butler, J. E., Ferris, G. R., Napier, N. K. 1991. Strategy and human resources management. Cincinnati: South-Western. Council, W.P. (2001). Managing multiculturalism: Valuing diversity in the workplace. Journal of Property Management, 66, 6, 22 (3). Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Ferris, G. R., Judge, T. A. 1991. Personnel/human resources management: A political influence perspective. Journal of Management, 17, 447-488. Retrieved November 3, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Ferris, Gerald R., Hochwarter, Wayne A., Buckley, M. Ronald, Harrell-Cook, Gloria, Frink, Dwight D. (1999). Human resources management: some new directions. Journal of Management, 25, 3, 385(3). Retrieved November 3, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Gilmer, B. V. 1960. Industrial psychology. In C. P. Stone D. W. Taylor (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, 11, 323-350. Stanford, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H., Bell, M.P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96 (12). Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Hirschman, C. (2000). For PEOs, business is still booming. HR Magazine, 45, 42-48. Huselid, M. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635-672. Retrieved November 3, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., Whitney, K. (1995). Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. In R. A. Guzzo, E. Salas, Associates (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations (pp. 204-261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Klass, B.S. (2003). Professional employer organizations and their role in small and medium enterprises: The impact of hr outsourcing. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28, 1, 43-61. Retrieved November 10, 2004 from H.W. Wilson database. Klass, B.S., McClendon, J., Gainey, T. (1999). HR outsourcing and its impact: The role of transaction costs. Personnel Psychology, 52, 113-136. Light, P. C. (1999). The new public service. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. McNamara, C. (1999). Human resource management. Accessed November 7, 2004, from the web site http://www.mapnp.org/library/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm. Merit System Protection Board. (2002). Making the public service work: Recommendations for change, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Minbaeva, D., Pedersen, T., Bjorkman, I., Fey, C.F., Park, H.J. (2003). MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. Journal of International Business Studies, 34, 6, 586-99. Retrieved November 7, 2004 from H.W. Wilson database. Napier, N. K., Tibau, J., Janssens, M., Pilenzo, R. C. 1995. Juggling on a high wire: The role of the international human resources manager. In G. R. Ferris, S. D. Rosen D. T. Barnum. (Eds.), Handbook of human resource management: 217-242. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation: Building profits by putting people first. Harvard Business Press: Boston. Romano, E. (1995). Opportunity in diversity. Journal of Property Management, 60, 2, 30 (6). Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database. Soni, V. (2004). From crisis to opportunity: Human resource challenges for the public sector in the twenty-first century. The Review of Policy Research, 21, 2, 157-178. Retrieved November 8, 2004 from H.W. Wilson database. Sundstrom, E., DeMeuse, K. P., Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45, 2, 120-133. Walker, D. M. (2000). (Statement from David Walker) Managing human capital in the 21st century. Report no. GAO/T-GGD-00-77. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. Webber, S.S. Donahue, L.M. (2001). Impact of highly and less-related diversity on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 2, 141. Retrieved November 12, 2004, from InfoTrac database.